Voice Disorders & Treatment
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Category III voice items give a person, a laryngeal finding, and a goal, then ask which treatment, sequence, or referral fits. This outline covers voice pathologies and their management, plus the airway and head-and-neck topics the exam files under voice: laryngectomy, tracheostomy speaking valves, gender-affirming voice, and inducible laryngeal obstruction. Evaluation tools are covered in Voice Assessment; anatomy and muscle actions in Laryngeal Anatomy & Voice Production.
Voice Disorder Classification
| Category | Examples | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| Organic: structural | Nodules, polyps, cysts, Reinke's edema, contact granuloma, sulcus/scar, web, papilloma, leukoplakia, cancer | Physical change in the vocal fold tissue or framework |
| Organic: neurogenic | Vocal fold paralysis/paresis, laryngeal dystonia (spasmodic dysphonia), essential voice tremor, dysarthria-related dysphonia | Nervous system impairment |
| Functional | Primary muscle tension dysphonia (MTD), ventricular fold phonation, puberphonia | Inefficient use of a structurally normal mechanism |
| Psychogenic | Conversion aphonia or dysphonia | Psychological cause with normal structure; often voice for cough and laugh but not for speech; refer for mental health input |
Categories overlap: phonotrauma (a functional pattern) can produce nodules (a structural change), and secondary MTD often develops over a lesion or paresis (Stemple, Roy & Klaben, 2020).
The rest of this outline 11
- Neurogenic Voice Disorders
- Assessment Findings That Shape Treatment
- Voice Treatment Approaches
- Vocal Hygiene and Vocal Load
- Presbyphonia, Pediatric, and Occupational Voice
- Inducible Laryngeal Obstruction (ILO)
- Gender-Affirming Voice and Communication
- Tracheostomy and Speaking Valves
- Laryngectomy and Alaryngeal Speech
- Common Traps
- Sources to Know
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